An Overview of Gentrification

Gentrification is defined as the process by which wealthier (mostly middle-income) people move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses in inner cities or other deteriorated areas formerly home to poorer people. As such, gentrification affects an areas demographics because this increase in middle-income individuals and families often results in an overall decline in racial minorities. Additionally, household size decreases because low-income families are replaced by young single people and couples desiring to be closer to their jobs and activities in the urban core. The real estate market also changes when gentrification occurs because increases in rents and home prices increase evictions. Once this happens rental units are often switched to condominiums or luxury housing available for purchase. As real estate changes, land use is also altered. Prior to gentrification these areas usually consist of low-income housing and sometimes light industry. After, there is still housing but it is usually high end, along with offices, retail, restaurants, and other forms of entertainment. Finally, because of these changes, gentrification significantly affects an area’s culture and character, making gentrification a controversial process. History and Causes of Gentrification Since Glass came up with the term, there have been numerous attempts to explain why gentrification occurs. Some of the earliest attempts to explain it are through the production- and consumption-side theories. Production-side theory is associated with a geographer, Neil Smith, who explains gentrification based on the relationship between money and production. Smith said that low rents in suburban areas after World War II led to a movement of capital into those areas as opposed to inner cities. As a result, urban areas were abandoned and land value there decreased while land value in the suburbs increased. Smith then came up with his rent-gap theory and used it to explain the process of gentrification. The rent-gap theory itself describes the inequality between the price of land at its current use and the potential price a piece of land could attain under a â€Å"higher and better use.† Using his theory, Smith argued that when the rent-gap was large enough, developers would see the potential profit in redeveloping inner-city areas. The profit attained by redevelopment in these areas closes the rent-gap, leading to higher rents, leases, and mortgages. Thus, the increase in profits associated with Smith’s theory leads to gentrification. The consumption-side theory, professed by geographer David Ley, looks at the characteristics of people performing gentrification and what they consume as opposed to the market to explain gentrification. It is said that these people perform advanced services (for example they are doctors and/or lawyers), enjoy arts and leisure, and demand amenities and are concerned with aesthetics in their cities. Gentrification allows such changes to occur and caters to this population. The Process of Gentrification Over time, these urban pioneers help to redevelop and â€Å"fix-up† run down areas. After doing so, prices go up and the lower income people present there are priced out and replaced with middle and upper-income people. These people then demand greater amenities and housing stock and businesses change to cater to them, again raising prices. These rising prices then force out the remaining population of lower income people and more middle and upper-income people are attracted, perpetuating the cycle of gentrification. Costs and Benefits of Gentrification The largest criticism of gentrification though is its displacement of the redeveloped area’s original inhabitants. Since gentrified areas are often in the run-down urban core, lower-income residents are eventually priced out and are sometimes left with no place to go. In addition, retail chains, services, and social networks are also priced out and replaced with higher-end retail and services. It is this aspect of gentrification that causes the most tension between residents and developers. Despite these criticisms though, there are several benefits to gentrification. Because it often leads to people owning their homes instead of renting, it can sometimes lead to more stability for the local area. It also creates an increased demand for housing so there is less vacant property. Finally, supporters of gentrification say that because of the increased presence of residents in the downtown, businesses there benefit because there are more people spending in the area. Whether it is viewed as positive or negative, however, there is no doubt that gentrified areas are becoming important parts of the fabric of cities worldwide.

Reflective Paper On Moral Responsibility - 1507 Words

Reflective Paper Regarding Moral Responsibility of Rehabilitating Criminals Dalia M Al-Rubaye Parkdale High School Abstract This paper is generally about the correlation between moral responsibility and rehabilitation. Moral responsibility was examined in the context of criminals and ordinary people. What brings about a crime, and what impels an individuals to commit an action that he realizes is wrong. Also, the concept of rehabilitation and the way in which it is applied were examined to deliver a better understanding of issues regarding criminals. Examining these concepts was the key used to depict the moral responsibility, that’s innate in people, and how it should be considered in rehabilitating criminals. Key words: Morality, self respect, conscience, rehabilitation Moral Responsibility of Rehabilitating Criminals I am a person with very little knowledge regarding criminology. Luckily, I’ve acquired some knowledge from being a girl who loves to read about philosophy. Linking between the morals I’ve learned as a religious person and the theories about the innate format of a human being presented by philosophers, I was able to initiate my thinking process and organize my ideas. My ultimate goal was to get to the point where I’m able to decide whether the society and I are morally responsible of rehabilitating criminals or not. Based on my trivial knowledge, I think that we, as individuals habitating the same community, are morally responsibleShow MoreRelatedEssay on EDU701 COURSE1519 Words   |  7 Pages UNESCO (2011): Towards the Millennium Development Goals. Brasilia: Ayrton Semne Institute. Ministry of Education Malaysia (2001), Education in Malaysia: Journey to Excellence, Kuala Lumpur. Mohamed, Mahathir (1991), Malaysia: The Way Forward. Paper presented at the Malaysian Business Council. Nisbitt, J. and Baurdene, P. (2000), Megatrends, Aron Book. Selected articles from academic journals. 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Great Britain in the 1990’s free essay sample

Political situation in Great Britain in the 1990’s. As we all know, one of the significant features of British political system is its flexibility. Britain have unwritten Constitution, formal Bill of Rights and Supreme Court which works rests on precedents. It makes possibility for each government to make wide reforms and rearrangements in the way in which politics and government are conducted. There is no doubt that in years after Second World War Britain went through the great changes in its status and role in world politics. Economic decline, the loss of status of Empire, and the search for a new European identity have all been important themes in British political agenda sine 1945. But despite that fact situation in British administrations and governments has not changed dramatically. After Second World War Great Britain’s status and role have changed. Important themes of postwar Britain were deficit of identity, economic decline, changes in political system, different reforms, participation in EU and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Britain in the 1990’s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1990 John Major became for a new prime minister of Great Britain. Margaret Thatcher leaved office with â€Å"her consensus politics and willingness to override colleagues opinions, including that of Cabinet, emboldened the backlash against her when it did occur† . John Major was prime minister of Great Britain from 1990 till 1997; also he was leader of British Conservative Party. During his time as Prime Minister, the world political situation had changed, because Cold War was ended. Also the European Union became as a very important organization for new democratic countries and Great Britain played one of the main roles in process of political transformation. In September of 1992 Black Wednesday’s crises have happened, when billions of pounds were wasted in a futile attempt to prop up the currencys value. After that economic crisis Great Britain dropped out Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). In 1997 political situation changed in Great Britain and the Conservative party lost elections to Tony Blairs Labour party. There are several reasons, why J. Major and the Conservative party lost the general elections. First of all, there is no consensus between conservatives. One of the actual questions in Great Britain was common European currency. The Conservative Party spited in two parts Eurosceptics and politicians, why accepted that idea. Britain society did not support the Conservative party in 1997’s elections, because people wanted to see unified party. Political culture in Great Britain in the 1990’s Political culture in Great Britain was different that in continental Europe. After Second World War values and norms in Britain did not transform and nowadays there are the same values in definite political or societal areas. The two party systems, buttressed by electoral system which exaggerates the success of those two parties, are still dominant; [†¦] British government is still centralized, secretive and working through much the same institutions and procedures as in 1945. † In 90-th have happened different transformations in Britain’s political culture. Society started to change it values and acceptable norms and for that reason we can recognize changes in political order and situation. First of all, traditional two-party system was replaced by three-party system. Historically there were two main parties: Tory and Wigs Conservative Party and Liberal Party. In 1990’s there are happened political changes people started to vote for the third political force. New modern political parties availed of this situation and found new cases, how to win in elections. There were at least two major reasons for non participation or supporting other political party. â€Å"Strong and stable linkage between parties and their constituencies tend to reduce the costs of voting by allowing even relatively uniformed voters to decide on issues and candidates. At the same time, strong feelings of party identification make it easier for parties â€Å"to seek out supporters and mobilize them at election time† . Other reason, why citizens support other political forces or did not take part in elections, is fragmentation of society. People became more isolated from each other and also from political system. Voters became more passive and loyal, they did not react on any political events, because it actions always were the same and situation in the country have not changed. That way, people stopped to trust politicians and did not support them in the elections. It is the one part of potential voters, but there are also existed another type of non-voters. Those persons â€Å"are generally less likely to be interested in politics, less close to political parties, and less likely to have strong political preferences† . Other significant change was â€Å"that the British people prefer to participate only through legitimate and ‘respectable’ channels, there has always been a minority prepared to act more unconventionally and perhaps more urprisingly a majority prepared to approve of this whilst not actually joining in† . Inglehart described that situation through prism of post-material values. Post-war generation had another norms and values, for that reason political activity was different. People have different rights and freedoms, the participation in political life can be active or passive, citizens have opportunity to work in political parties and organize different communities of interests and so on. But all this freedoms do not guarantee that people will participate in elections and vote for direct party. Of course, better education also influence on people political culture and â€Å"has allowed a growing number of voters to approach the complexity of modern politics with greater sophistication and the greater supply of information has allowed them to keep abreast of important social and political development† . Social movements played one of the important roles in Great Britain. New groups could to influence to people. Through society it could to protect their interests, but at the same time social groups did not participate in country’s elections and did not have hierarchical structure. In Britain social movements became very popular. One of them was feminism movement, which became very active in 1990s in the Labour Party. â€Å"The success of the women’s movement was even more striking in electoral terms, as all the parties moved quickly to respond. By the 1992 General Election, all the major parties promised to meet at least some of the objectives pursued by the women’s movement for example, equal pay, child benefits, equal rights in the workplace, maternity rights and so on. Such social movements are different from political parties, because they do not put forward candidates in elections and they are not formally organized by hierarchical structure. The also differ from protectional groups, because they are not based upon advancing the interests of just one functional or professional grouping in society. Situation in Great Britain was different that in continent. Historically, Britain was associated with island, with separate part of Europe. For t hat reason, Great Britain political culture was not depended from continental Europe. There were other changes, which distinguished Britain from other Europe. Political system in Great Britain has not been changed for a long time country is Constitutional Monarchy. For that reason, political culture in these state are depended from politicians and political, economic and social order. In 1990s several significant events have happened in the world. One of them was collapse of USSR. Situation in the East influenced to political order in Europe countries, because last one needed to form new political links with new neighbors. But also there were new problem or dilemma about new Eastern countries, witch became as a new pretenders to EU and NATO participation. EU enlargement was very actual question not only for Great Britain, but for all European countries. For that reason question about Euroscepticism became very topical. We can consider, that the term Euroscepticism was born in England earlier that in other countries. It happened because; Great Britain is not neighbor with other Europe and continental problems are not so important for England. Also historical aspects play one of the main roles for England people. For example, France did not support Great Britain’s entering to the EU. Great Britain in the 1990’s free essay sample As we all know, one of the significant features of British political system is its flexibility. Britain have unwritten Constitution, formal Bill of Rights and Supreme Court which works rests on precedents. It makes possibility for each government to make wide reforms and rearrangements in the way in which politics and government are conducted. There is no doubt that in years after Second World War Britain went through the great changes in its status and role in world politics. Economic decline, the loss of status of Empire, and the search for a new European identity have all been important themes in British political agenda sine 1945. But despite that fact situation in British administrations and governments has not changed dramatically. After Second World War Great Britain’s status and role have changed. Important themes of postwar Britain were deficit of identity, economic decline, changes in political system, different reforms, participation in EU and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Great Britain in the 1990’s or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1990 John Major became for a new prime minister of Great Britain. Margaret Thatcher leaved office with â€Å"her consensus politics and willingness to override colleagues opinions, including that of Cabinet, emboldened the backlash against her when it did occur† . John Major was prime minister of Great Britain from 1990 till 1997; also he was leader of British Conservative Party. During his time as Prime Minister, the world political situation had changed, because Cold War was ended. Also the European Union became as a very important organization for new democratic countries and Great Britain played one of the main roles in process of political transformation. In September of 1992 Black Wednesday’s crises have happened, when billions of pounds were wasted in a futile attempt to prop up the currencys value. After that economic crisis Great Britain dropped out Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). In 1997 political situation changed in Great Britain and the Conservative party lost elections to Tony Blairs Labour party. There are several reasons, why J. Major and the Conservative party lost the general elections. First of all, there is no consensus between conservatives. One of the actual questions in Great Britain was common European currency. The Conservative Party spited in two parts Eurosceptics and politicians, why accepted that idea. Britain society did not support the Conservative party in 1997’s elections, because people wanted to see unified party. Political culture in Great Britain in the 1990’s Political culture in Great Britain was different that in continental Europe. After Second World War values and norms in Britain did not transform and nowadays there are the same values in definite political or societal areas. The two party systems, buttressed by electoral system which exaggerates the success of those two parties, are still dominant; [†¦] British government is still centralized, secretive and working through much the same institutions and procedures as in 1945. † In 90-th have happened different transformations in Britain’s political culture. Society started to change it values and acceptable norms and for that reason we can recognize changes in political order and situation. First of all, traditional two-party system was replaced by three-party system. Historically there were two main parties: Tory and Wigs Conservative Party and Liberal Party. In 1990’s there are happened political changes people started to vote for the third political force. New modern political parties availed of this situation and found new cases, how to win in elections. There were at least two major reasons for non participation or supporting other political party. â€Å"Strong and stable linkage between parties and their constituencies tend to reduce the costs of voting by allowing even relatively uniformed voters to decide on issues and candidates. At the same time, strong feelings of party identification make it easier for parties â€Å"to seek out supporters and mobilize them at election time† . Other reason, why citizens support other political forces or did not take part in elections, is fragmentation of society. People became more isolated from each other and also from political system. Voters became more passive and loyal, they did not react on any political events, because it actions always were the same and situation in the country have not changed. That way, people stopped to trust politicians and did not support them in the elections. It is the one part of potential voters, but there are also existed another type of non-voters. Those persons â€Å"are generally less likely to be interested in politics, less close to political parties, and less likely to have strong political preferences† . Other significant change was â€Å"that the British people prefer to participate only through legitimate and ‘respectable’ channels, there has always been a minority prepared to act more unconventionally and perhaps more urprisingly a majority prepared to approve of this whilst not actually joining in† . Inglehart described that situation through prism of post-material values. Post-war generation had another norms and values, for that reason political activity was different. People have different rights and freedoms, the participation in political life can be active or passive, citizens have opportunity to work in political parties and organize different communities of interests and so on. But all this freedoms do not guarantee that people will participate in elections and vote for direct party. Of course, better education also influence on people political culture and â€Å"has allowed a growing number of voters to approach the complexity of modern politics with greater sophistication and the greater supply of information has allowed them to keep abreast of important social and political development† . Social movements played one of the important roles in Great Britain. New groups could to influence to people. Through society it could to protect their interests, but at the same time social groups did not participate in country’s elections and did not have hierarchical structure. In Britain social movements became very popular. One of them was feminism movement, which became very active in 1990s in the Labour Party. â€Å"The success of the women’s movement was even more striking in electoral terms, as all the parties moved quickly to respond. By the 1992 General Election, all the major parties promised to meet at least some of the objectives pursued by the women’s movement for example, equal pay, child benefits, equal rights in the workplace, maternity rights and so on. Such social movements are different from political parties, because they do not put forward candidates in elections and they are not formally organized by hierarchical structure. The also differ from protectional groups, because they are not based upon advancing the interests of just one functional or professional grouping in society. Situation in Great Britain was different that in continent. Historically, Britain was associated with island, with separate part of Europe. For t hat reason, Great Britain political culture was not depended from continental Europe. There were other changes, which distinguished Britain from other Europe. Political system in Great Britain has not been changed for a long time country is Constitutional Monarchy. For that reason, political culture in these state are depended from politicians and political, economic and social order. In 1990s several significant events have happened in the world. One of them was collapse of USSR. Situation in the East influenced to political order in Europe countries, because last one needed to form new political links with new neighbors. But also there were new problem or dilemma about new Eastern countries, witch became as a new pretenders to EU and NATO participation. EU enlargement was very actual question not only for Great Britain, but for all European countries. For that reason question about Euroscepticism became very topical. We can consider, that the term Euroscepticism was born in England earlier that in other countries. It happened because; Great Britain is not neighbor with other Europe and continental problems are not so important for England. Also historical aspects play one of the main roles for England people. For example, France did not support Great Britain’s entering to the EU.

Karanaman Essays - National Security, Prevention, Government, Abuse

Amanpreet Kaur Prof. Bryan Strait English 1A June 27 th , 2019 The Police The word "Police" defines the responsibility of the one group of people who help the people to stay in rules and regulations and solve crimes. The person who fulfills the duty known as police officer. In the article, "Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police" we read it how a lady was killed in front of many people, but no one tried to save her if they could call the police and the lady might survive. It happens most of time when people see a crime, but no one calls the police because they have some kind of fear . For example, in India mostly people do not want to involve the police because police have made a very bad image, in other words, people do not trust them. Instead of solving problems, they increase their problems. "The 1980s witnessed improved professional status for the police officer in America. Educational requirements, communication skills, and technological support, enlarged the position and enhanced the image of the police officer considerably. It will alwa ys be recognized that the police force is on the cutting edge of violence and disorder and must possess the skills to confront these matters effectively. The physician does this in the emergency room of a hospital; so, must the police officer make wise decisions quickly and under much pressure." (Opportunities, 6). The police are beneficial to the society because of the police people learn how to stay in the society. People break rules while they drive or doing some services, they do not care about it if anyone gets hurt. People use children to make money instead of doing themselves, and also people watch that sometimes crime occurs in front of eyes, but they do not complain about it. We need to alert the police in some cases such as: breaking rules, violence, and crime. The police teach the public to stay in system, not to break rules. Sometimes, we see at traffic lights when there are no security cameras people cross red light, but some people do not complain about it that thing shows people do not be afraid from the police. They are afraid to pay the penalty. While they do rough driving, no one complains about it but after sometimes we see that person got an accident because of rough driving. At that time, we think that if we did a complaint about him/her, it may not be happened and when someone dies because of accident and then we realize if we did that it would not happen. One of my friends told me about this someone hit his car from back and when he pulled out his car on side that person had gone, it was like he disappeared. He was afraid and did not call the police he was thinking it could be his fault because he stopped the car quickly. Sometimes, it depends on situation why you did that because we have made some kind of fear in o ur mind from police that we cannot overcome the fear. The other reason why we need to call the police is violence. In some countries, child abuse is very common, and people do not care about that. I think we need to help those poor children who suffer from that situation. Child labor is found very common in some Asian countries because parents force their children to do work instead of forcing them to go to school. Because they make their children as an earning source from where they can get anything whatever they want. If they have afraid from police, then they would not do that. For example, sometimes family have some problems, but they do not have enough money to get the solution of that problem, so they start to send their children at work to make money instead of going by themselves (parents). In Delhi, there are the most cases of child labor but mostly people do not complain about it. If anyone goes there, then you can find that there are children who are not more than the age of 15 are working on roads, restaurants, etc. Sometimes